Objective: To explore the impact of continuous rehabilitation nursing on post-discharge compliance behavior and medication adherence in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 120 post-discharge patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases collected in our hospital from January 2024 to June 2025. The patients were divided into a control group (conventional discharge nursing) and an observation group (continuous rehabilitation nursing) based on different nursing methods, with 60 patients in each group. Both groups received nursing care for 6 months. The post-discharge compliance behavior, medication adherence, and quality of life were compared between the two groups. Results: The post-discharge compliance behavior score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). The score for treatment adherence following discharge was higher in the observation group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The score for quality of life following discharge was higher in the observation group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Ongoing rehabilitation support can improve treatment adherence among patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases following discharge from hospital, increase their adherence to medication, and improve their quality of life.